Objective: This study aimed to explore the psychological factors that contribute to intimacy Avoidance in high-achieving women with Attachment insecurity. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 18 high-achieving women residing in Austria who self-identified as experiencing Attachment insecurity (anxious, avoidant, or disorganized). Participants were selected via purposive sampling from professional, academic, and corporate sectors. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software, following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework. Rigor was enhanced through peer debriefing, memo writing, and member checking. Findings: Thematic analysis revealed four overarching psychological determinants of intimacy Avoidance: (1) Fear of Emotional Exposure, which included subthemes such as fear of judgment, shame linked to emotional needs, and hyper-independence,(2) Attachment-Driven Self-Protection, involving internalized insecure scripts, cognitive defensiveness, and sabotage of closeness,(3) Performance-Based Self-Worth, where participants equated emotional detachment with professional control, often prioritizing efficiency over emotional connection,and (4) Childhood Relational Imprints, characterized by emotionally unavailable caregivers, conditional affection, and suppressed emotional vocabulary. Conclusion: This study highlights the complex interplay between Attachment history, performance identity, and relational defenses in shaping intimacy Avoidance in high-achieving women. Clinical interventions should address these avoidant strategies by fostering emotional literacy, challenging perfectionistic self-worth contingencies, and building secure Attachment representations. The findings also underscore the need to consider gendered sociocultural factors in therapeutic work with high-functioning avoidant individuals

The current research was conducted with the aim of the effect of Attachment style on emotion regulation with the mediating role of identity style. The research method was descriptive and structural equation analysis. The statistical population of the research was all second year high school students of Kashan city in the academic year of 1400-1401, of which 500 people were selected by random cluster method. Data were collected based on three questionnaires: Gross & Jan (2003) Emotional Regulation Inventory, Identity Style Scale (6G-ISI) and Collins and Reid (1990) Attachment Style Questionnaire. The data are obtained by structural equation modeling and using Laserl 8.8 and 26 spss software. analyzed. Based on the results, secure Attachment style at a significance level of 0.01, avoidant Attachment style at a significance level of 0.05, and ambivalent Attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three Attachments, secure Attachment style predicted emotion regulation at a significant level of 0.01, with the mediation of identity styles. Informational identity style at a significance level of 0.01, confused identity style at a significance level of 0.05 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three Attachments, only the secure Attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 had a significant role in predicting the normative identity style. According to the results of this study, emotion regulation is one of the most important constructs of educational psychology and an important factor in determining mental health and successful performance. It is in education that the factors affecting emotion regulation and its antecedents should be identified. Planning for training and holding educational workshops in this field in schools is suggested for students.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether rejection sensitivity and Attachment Avoidance significantly predict intimacy struggles in romantic relationships. Methods and Materials: A correlational descriptive research design was employed using a sample of 433 adults from Mexico, selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sample size table. Participants completed standardized self-report measures assessing rejection sensitivity, Attachment Avoidance, and intimacy struggles. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27, including Pearson correlation to examine the relationships between the dependent variable and each independent variable, and multiple linear regression to assess the predictive power of the independent variables on intimacy struggles. All statistical assumptions were checked and met before performing the analyses. Findings: Results indicated significant positive correlations between intimacy struggles and both rejection sensitivity (r =. 51, p <. 01) and Attachment Avoidance (r =. 46, p <. 01). Multiple regression analysis revealed that rejection sensitivity (β =. 39, t = 7. 75, p <. 01) and Attachment Avoidance (β =. 33, t = 7. 31, p <. 01) were both significant predictors of intimacy struggles. The overall model was statistically significant, F(2, 430) = 105. 89, p <. 01, with an R² of. 33, indicating that 33% of the variance in intimacy struggles was explained by the predictor variables. Conclusion: The findings highlight that both rejection sensitivity and Attachment Avoidance are key psychological factors contributing to intimacy struggles in romantic relationships. These results underscore the importance of addressing underlying emotional vulnerabilities in relationship counseling and psychological interventions, particularly in culturally diverse populations such as adults in Mexico.

this study aimed to investigate the role of Attachment anxiety and Avoidance in theory of mind and autobiographical memory. The study population consisted of all married individuals living in districts 1, 2, and 5 in Tehran. 212 people (119 female and 93 male) were selected by convenience sampling method and completed Experience in Close Relationships Scale-Revised (Fraley, Waller, Brennan, 2000), Autobiographical Memory Test (Williams & Broadbent, 1986), and Reading Mind in the Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001). Data were analyzed via Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Findings indicated a negative relationship of anxiety Attachment with theory of mind and autobiographical memory. Results from regression analysis showed that Attachment Avoidance but not anxiety negatively predicted theory of mind and autobiographical memory. Decreased ability to recognize one's own and other's mental states and recollection of self-related memories in avoidant people, can be attributed to their deactivating strategies, over self-reliance, and suppression of Attachment-related clues in these individuals.

Introduction: Depression is one of the most common postpartum disorders. Also, women with postpartum depression have problems with emotional regulation. The aim of this study was to predict paranoid thoughts based on Attachment styles mediated by experimental Avoidance in women with postpartum depression in 2019. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study included all women with a diagnosis of postpartum depression who referred to health centers in Tehran province in 2019, from which 250 people were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, “ Beck Depression Inventory” , “ Revised Adult Attachment Scale” , the “ Multidimensional Experimental Avoidance Questionnaire” , and the “ Paranoid Scale” . The validity of the instruments was confirmed using construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis method and the reliability by internal consistency method was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 26 and Amos. 26. Results: The Model of Structural Equations using statistical indices showed secure Attachment style (β =-0. 223, P≥ 0. 05), Attachment style Ambiguous/anxious (β =0. 506, P≥ 0. 05), avoidant Attachment style (β = 0. 212, P≥ 0. 01) has a significant relationship with experimental Avoidance. Also, the direct coefficients of experimental Avoidance for paranoid thoughts (β =0. 445, P≥ 0. 01) are significant. Also, the results of indirect path coefficients between secure Attachment style (β =0. 099, P=0. 001), anxiousambivalent Attachment style (β =0. 225, P=0. 001) and Avoidance Attachment style (β =0. 094, P≥ 0. 001) is meaningful with paranoid thoughts. Conclusions: Experimental Avoidance is a mediating variable in the relationship between Attachment styles and paranoid thoughts in women with postpartum depression. Thus, an anxious-ambivalent Attachment style to perceived threat in disturbing situations along with a negative view of oneself leads to the experience of anger, experimental Avoidance, and consequently the experience of paranoid thoughts. It is recommended that psychological interventions be used to reduce postpartum depression.

Aim and Background: Insecure Attachment style is one of the effect factors in many mental disorders. The aim of this study was to Comparison of Positive, Negative and Disorganized Schizotypy Characteristics in Secure, Avoidance and Anxiety Attachment Student in Tabriz University.Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 300 students (150 Male, 150 Female) of Tabriz University Dormitory. Students were selected by random cluster sampling. Schizotypal personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and Adults Attachment Inventory were used for data collection. Data was analyzed using and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA).Findings: The mean age of participants was 21±1.28 years. The results showed that, there are significant differences between secure Attachment, anxiety Attachment and avoidant Attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypy characteristics and total score SPQ (P<0/05). In contrast, there aren' t significant differences between anxiety Attachment and avoidant Attachment groups in negative, positive, disorganized schizotypy characteristics personality and total score SPQ (P>0/05).Conclusions: Individual with insecure Attachment experience more intensity of negative, positive and disorganized schizotypy characteristics than individual with secure Attachment. In contrast, there isn't significant difference between individual with avoidant Attachment and anxiety Attachment. In sum, individual with insecure Attachment are more vulnerable to experience of schizotypy characteristics and stricken to schizotypal personality disorder.

Authentic leaders are dedicated to achieving their goals with integrity, honesty, a strong sense of responsibility, and awareness, which builds trusting relationships with their employees. This trust boils down to numerous positive outcomes such as higher levels of thriving at work. Drawing on Attachment theory, this study mainly investigates how authentic leadership can decrease Attachment insecurity through which authentic leadership can impact their employees’ learning and vitality (i.e. two dimensions of thriving at work). This quantitative research has a deductive approach with a descriptive and correlational nature and employs a descriptive-survey methodology for data collection. Using A-priori sample size calculator for Structural Equation Models, the minimum statistical sample of the research was estimated to be 321 people. The data were collected from 330 employees of public service organizations in Kerman and Yazd through an online survey encompassing five scales with five-point Likert scales. The content and structure validities of the questionnaire were verified, and the reliability of all the scales was above the threshold of 0.7. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS, AMOS, and PROCESS Module. The results revealed that authentic leadership was negatively associated with both employees’ Attachment anxiety and Attachment Avoidance. Meanwhile, these two Attachment styles play mediating roles in determining how authentic leadership can affect employees’ learning and vitality. Notably, a leader’s authenticity, which features self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, and balanced processing, is more likely to reduce Attachment insecurity and thus influence their thriving at work. This research extends our understanding of authentic leadership, Attachment styles at work, and thriving at work. Practical implications and limitations are also discussed.